Introduction of Official Safety Control on Chinese Products of Animal Origin for Export & Import
一、進(jìn)出口食品安全法律、法規(guī)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系
Laws, Regulations and Standards on Import and Export Food Safety
?。ㄒ唬┓蒐aws
1、《中華人民共和國進(jìn)出口商品檢驗(yàn)法》
Law of the People’s Republic of China on Import and Export Commodity Inspection
2、《中華人民共和國進(jìn)出境動(dòng)植物檢疫法》
Law of the People's Republic of China on the Entry and Exit Animal and Plant Quarantine
3、《中華人民共和國動(dòng)物防疫法》
Law of the People's Republic of China on Animal Disease Prevention
4、《中華人民共和國食品衛(wèi)生法》
Food Hygiene Law of the People's Republic of China
5、《中華人民共和國產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量法》
Product Quality Law of the People's Republic of China
（二）法規(guī) Regulations
1、《中華人民共和國進(jìn)出境動(dòng)植物檢疫法實(shí)施條例》
Regulations for the Implementation of the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Entry and Exit Animal and Plant Quarantine
2、《中華人民共和國進(jìn)出口商品檢驗(yàn)法實(shí)施條例》
Regulations for the Implementation of the Law of the People's Republic of China on Import and Export Commodity Inspection
3、《中華人民共和國獸藥管理?xiàng)l例》
Administrative Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Veterinary Medicine
4、《中華人民共和國飼料管理?xiàng)l例》
Administrative Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Feeding Fodder
5、《中華人民共和國農(nóng)藥管理?xiàng)l例》
Administrative Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Pesticides
6、《中華人民共和國種畜禽管理?xiàng)l例》
Administrative Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Breeding Stock and Poultry
（三）部門規(guī)章Regulations of Ministry
1、動(dòng)物衛(wèi)生控制Animal Disease Control
?。?）《供港澳活禽檢驗(yàn)檢疫管理辦法》（國家質(zhì)檢總局第26號(hào)局令）
?。?）《動(dòng)物疫情報(bào)告管理辦法》（1999年10月20日農(nóng)業(yè)部發(fā)布）
（3）《國家動(dòng)物疫情測報(bào)體系管理規(guī)范（試行）》
?。?）《國家高致病性禽流感防治應(yīng)急預(yù)案》
（5）《關(guān)于印發(fā)《高致病性禽流感防治技術(shù)規(guī)范》等7個(gè)重大動(dòng)物疫病防治技術(shù)規(guī)范的通知》
(1) Control Measures for report on animal epidemic situation (issued by Ministry of Agriculture on Oct 20th, 1999)
(2) Control Measures for Inspection and Quarantine of Live Birds Supplied to Hong Kong and Macao (Order of AQSIQ No.26)
(3) Specifications on State Animal Epidemic Situation of report and Forecast
(4) State Emergency Provision On Prevention and Cure of HPAI
(5) Notification regarding of issuing 7 important epizootic control technical protocols including Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Control Technical Protocol ( MOA [2002] No. 74)
2、進(jìn)出口肉類、水產(chǎn)品及蜂蜜生產(chǎn)加工衛(wèi)生安全控制
Hygiene and Safety control on Processing of Meat, Aquatic product and honey for export and import
?。?）《進(jìn)出境肉類產(chǎn)品檢驗(yàn)檢疫管理辦法》（國家質(zhì)檢總局2002年第26號(hào)令）
?。?）《出口肉禽飼養(yǎng)用藥管理辦法》
（3）《出口禽肉及其制品檢驗(yàn)檢疫要求》
?。?）《進(jìn)出境水產(chǎn)品檢驗(yàn)檢疫管理辦法》(國家質(zhì)檢總局2002年31號(hào)令)
?。?）《出口蜂蜜檢驗(yàn)檢疫管理辦法》（國家質(zhì)檢總局第20號(hào)局令）
?。?）關(guān)于印發(fā)《出口鰻魚產(chǎn)品檢驗(yàn)檢疫和監(jiān)管要求（試行）》的通知
(1) Control Measures for Inspection and Quarantine of Meat for entry-exit (AQSIQ Announcement No. 26, 2002)
(2) Regulation on Drug Usage Control for Export Chicken
(3) Inspection and Quarantine requirements for Export Chicken and Chicken Products
(4) Inspection and Quarantine Administrative Measures for Entry and Exit Aquatic Products (AQSIQ Announcement No. 31, 2002)
(5) Inspection and Quarantine Administrative Measures on honey and honey Products for export (CIQ Announcement No. 20)
3、出口食品企業(yè)注冊管理
Administration on Registration of Food Establishments for Export
?。?）《出口食品衛(wèi)生注冊登記管理規(guī)定》（國家質(zhì)檢總局2002年第20號(hào)令）
?。?）《出口食品生產(chǎn)企業(yè)危害分析與關(guān)鍵控制點(diǎn)（HACCP）管理體系認(rèn)證管理規(guī)定》（2002年認(rèn)監(jiān)委第3號(hào)公告）
（3）《出口食品生產(chǎn)企業(yè)申請國外衛(wèi)生注冊管理辦法》（認(rèn)監(jiān)委2002第15號(hào)公告）
?。?）《出口鰻魚養(yǎng)殖場登記管理辦法》
(1) Administrative Regulation of Sanitary Registration for Food processing Establishment for Export (AQSIQ Announcement No. 20)
(2) Regulation on Administration of HACCP Management System Certification (CNCA Announcement No.3 2002)
(3) Regulation for Administration of Domestic Manufacturers Regarding Food Export Registration in Foreign Countries (CNCA Announcement No.15,2002)
(4) Administrative Measures of registration on farm of eels for export
4、殘留監(jiān)控
Residue Monitoring
（1）《獸藥管理?xiàng)l例實(shí)施細(xì)則》
?。?）《農(nóng)藥管理?xiàng)l例實(shí)施辦法》（農(nóng)業(yè)部令20號(hào)）
?。?）《水產(chǎn)品藥物殘留專項(xiàng)整治計(jì)劃》
?。?）《殘留分析質(zhì)量控制指南》
?。?）《關(guān)于發(fā)布《動(dòng)物性食品中獸藥最高殘留限量》的通知》
(1) Administrative Regulations on detailed rules for implementation of Veterinary drugs
(2) Administrative Regulations for implementation of Pesticide (MOA ORDER No.20)
(2) Special Renovation Plan on Drug residues of aquatic products
(3) Quality Control Guideline for Analysis of Residues
(4) Notice on MRLs of veterinary drugs in the foods of animal
5、病原微生物控制
Pathogen Control
?。?）《關(guān)于執(zhí)行<鮮、凍禽產(chǎn)品>國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的通知》
?。?）《關(guān)于進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)對(duì)境肉雞產(chǎn)品檢驗(yàn)檢疫管理的通知》
（3）《關(guān)于進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)禽流感防疫檢疫工作的緊急通知》
?。?）《關(guān)于進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)進(jìn)境肉類檢驗(yàn)檢疫工作的通知》
（5）《進(jìn)出境肉類產(chǎn)品檢驗(yàn)檢疫管理辦法》
(1) Circular Letter on the Implementation of National Standards of Fresh, Frozen Poultry Products
(2) Circular Letter on Further Strengthening Quality Controls of Exported Chicken Products
(3) Emergency Circular on Further Strengthening AI Prevention and Identification
(4) Circular Letter on Further Strengthening Quality Controls of the Import of Meat Products
(5) Management of Quality Inspection, Supervision and Quarantine of the Import and Export of Meat Products
6、出口食品加工儲(chǔ)運(yùn)衛(wèi)生控制
Sanitary Control in Processing and Storage of Foods for Export
（1）《出口食品生產(chǎn)企業(yè)衛(wèi)生注冊登記管理規(guī)定》
?。?）《肉類屠宰加工企業(yè)衛(wèi)生注冊規(guī)范》等規(guī)范
?。?）《食品生產(chǎn)加工企業(yè)質(zhì)量安全監(jiān)督管理辦法》第52號(hào)局令
(1) Administrative Regulation of Sanitary Registration for Food processing Establishment for Export
(2) Sanitation Criteria for Slaughtering and Processing Enterprises of meat Products, and ect.
(3) Administrative measure of supervision on quality and safety of food Processing Enterprises
?。ㄋ模┘夹g(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
1、國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)( International Standards)
?。?）《動(dòng)物衛(wèi)生法典(OIE)》
（2）《哺乳動(dòng)物、禽、蜜蜂A和B類疾病診斷試驗(yàn)和疫苗標(biāo)準(zhǔn)手冊》
（3）《國際水生動(dòng)物法典(OIE)》
?。?）《國際水生動(dòng)物疾病診斷手冊》
（5）《國際植物保護(hù)組織（IPPC）有關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》
?。?）《食品法典委員會(huì)（CAC）有關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》
(1) Terrestrial Animal Health Code
(2) Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals
(3) Aquatic Animal Health Code
(4) Manual of Diagnostic Tests for Aquatic Animals
(5) International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures
(6) Relative standards of Codex Alimentarius Commission
2、國內(nèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（部分GB與SN標(biāo)準(zhǔn)）
Domestic standards (Some GB and SN)
?。?）GB 2707-1994 豬肉衛(wèi)生標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
?。?）GB 2710-1996 鮮(凍)禽肉衛(wèi)生標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
?。?）SN/T 0418—95 出口凍家兔肉檢驗(yàn)規(guī)程
（4）SN/T 0419—95 出口凍肉用雞檢驗(yàn)規(guī)程
?。?）SN/T 0384—95 出口凍對(duì)蝦檢驗(yàn)
(1) GB 2707-1994 Hygiene standard for pork
(2) GB 2710-1996 Hygienic standard for fresh (frozen) poultry
(3) SN/T 0418—95 Rule for inspection of frozen rabbit meat for export
(4) SN/T 0419—95 Rule for inspection of frozen chicken for export
(5) SN/T 0384—95 Rule of the inspection of frozen prawn for export
二、組織管理體系（Management System）
?。ㄒ唬┙M織機(jī)構(gòu)Organization
根據(jù)我國有關(guān)法律法規(guī)和十屆全國人大一次會(huì)議批準(zhǔn)通過的新一屆政府機(jī)構(gòu)，我國涉及動(dòng)物健康與保護(hù)、植物保護(hù)以及食品安全的官方機(jī)構(gòu)主要有三個(gè),即國家質(zhì)量監(jiān)督檢驗(yàn)檢疫總局、農(nóng)業(yè)部和衛(wèi)生部。
According to relevant Chinese laws and regulations, currently there are three governmental bodies involved in animal health, animal and plant protection and food safety—General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China (AQSIQ) , Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) and Ministry of Health
1、國家質(zhì)量監(jiān)督檢驗(yàn)檢疫總局（國家質(zhì)檢總局）：
General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China (AQSIQ)
2001年4月由原國家出入境檢驗(yàn)檢疫局與原國家質(zhì)量技術(shù)監(jiān)督局合并組建而成，是國務(wù)院直屬的正部級(jí)部門。國家質(zhì)檢總局主管全國質(zhì)量、計(jì)量、出入境商品檢驗(yàn)、出入境衛(wèi)生檢疫、出入境動(dòng)植物檢疫和認(rèn)證認(rèn)可、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化等工作。質(zhì)檢總局內(nèi)設(shè)辦公廳等15個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)，同時(shí)管理國家認(rèn)證認(rèn)可監(jiān)督管理委員會(huì)和國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化管理委員會(huì)。兩個(gè)委員會(huì)分別負(fù)責(zé)綜合、協(xié)調(diào)全國的認(rèn)證認(rèn)可工作和統(tǒng)一管理、監(jiān)督和綜合協(xié)調(diào)全國的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化工作。
AQSIQ is a ministerial body directly under the State Council, merged by the former State Administration for Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China and State Administration for Quality, Technology Supervision of the People’s Republic of China in April 2001. The scope of responsibility of AQSIQ mainly covers national quality supervision, equipment calibration, entry-exit commodity inspection, entry-exit sanitary quarantine, entry-exit quarantine of animals and plants, certification and accreditation, standardization, etc. There are 15 departments under AQSIQ, excluding the two institutions, Certification and Accreditation Administration of the People’s Republic of China and Standardization Administration Committee of the People’s Republic of China, respectively responsible for the integration, coordination and supervision of certification and accreditation, and standardization.
國家質(zhì)檢總局在全國各省、自治區(qū)、直轄市和主要口岸設(shè)立了35個(gè)直屬檢驗(yàn)檢疫局，在各省市設(shè)立質(zhì)量技術(shù)監(jiān)督局，國家質(zhì)檢總局負(fù)責(zé)管理該35個(gè)直屬檢驗(yàn)檢疫局的業(yè)務(wù)工作，并對(duì)其人、財(cái)、物統(tǒng)一實(shí)施垂直管理。各直屬檢驗(yàn)檢疫局在海陸空口岸和貨物集散地設(shè)立分支機(jī)構(gòu)，全國共有272個(gè)檢驗(yàn)檢疫分支局和278個(gè)辦事處，共設(shè)有452個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)室，約有32000人，其中負(fù)責(zé)進(jìn)出境動(dòng)物及動(dòng)物產(chǎn)品的檢驗(yàn)、檢疫、出證和出口食品加工企業(yè)的監(jiān)督管理等工作的約有6000人?，F(xiàn)有專職官方獸醫(yī)2700名，擁有動(dòng)物產(chǎn)品和食品的檢驗(yàn)檢疫設(shè)備10000臺(tái)套。
Currently AQSIQ has set up 35 CIQ bureaus and several Quality and Technology Supervision bureaus , whose operations, personnel and properties are in its vertical integration. Under the 35 bureaus, there are 282 branches and 281 offices, mainly located in different ports and goods distributing centers across the country. AQSIQ has 452 laboratories, 10,000 sets of inspection and quarantine equipment, and a staff population of around 35,000, among whom 2,700 are full-time official veterinarians and about 6,000 are responsible for entry-exit quarantine and quality inspection of animals and animal products, issuing health certificates and supervision and control of food processing plants producing products for export.
2、中華人民共和國國家認(rèn)證認(rèn)可監(jiān)督管理局，是國務(wù)院組建并授權(quán)的履行行政管理職能，統(tǒng)一管理，監(jiān)督和綜合協(xié)調(diào)全國認(rèn)證認(rèn)可工作的主管機(jī)構(gòu)。其主要職能之一是負(fù)責(zé)進(jìn)出口食品和化妝品生產(chǎn)、加工單位的衛(wèi)生注冊登記的評(píng)審和注冊等工作，辦理注冊通報(bào)和向國外推薦事宜。
Certification and Accreditation Administration of the People’s Republic of China (CNCA) is established by the State Council, and is authorized by the State Council to exercise administrative responsibilities by undertaking unified management, supervision and overall coordination of certification and accreditation activities across the country.
3、農(nóng)業(yè)部 Ministry of Agriculture (MOA)
農(nóng)業(yè)部畜牧獸醫(yī)局負(fù)責(zé)全國動(dòng)物健康和獸醫(yī)公共衛(wèi)生，負(fù)責(zé)全國動(dòng)物疫病的防治、診斷、疫情控制、疫情通報(bào)、獸藥管理、殘留控制、對(duì)畜禽及其產(chǎn)品實(shí)施檢疫等工作。對(duì)設(shè)在全國各地的31個(gè)省級(jí)畜牧獸醫(yī)局（廳）的工作進(jìn)行行業(yè)指導(dǎo)等。
設(shè)在全國各地的省級(jí)、地級(jí)與縣級(jí)畜牧獸醫(yī)局負(fù)責(zé)本地區(qū)動(dòng)物疫病的防治、診斷、疫情控制、疫情通報(bào)、獸藥管理、實(shí)施殘留控制、對(duì)供應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)厥袌龅男笄菖c畜禽產(chǎn)品實(shí)施檢疫等工作。
Bureau of Animal Production and Health is a department under the Ministry of Agriculture responsible for animal health and veterinary public health in China. Its scope of responsibility includes animal disease prevention and diagnosis, epidemic control and notification, veterinary drug management, residue control, quarantine of livestock and poultry and their products, etc. It also exerts control and guidance on the work of animal production and health bureaus at provincial levels, which are responsible for animal disease prevention and diagnosis, epidemic control and notification, veterinary drug management, residue control, quarantine of livestock and poultry and their products at local levels.
農(nóng)業(yè)部在全國還設(shè)有四所國家級(jí)獸醫(yī)研究機(jī)構(gòu)，如中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院哈爾濱獸醫(yī)研究所、中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院上海寄生蟲病研究所、中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院蘭州獸醫(yī)研究所、農(nóng)業(yè)部動(dòng)物檢疫所。各省也都設(shè)有相應(yīng)的畜牧獸醫(yī)研究機(jī)構(gòu)。分別開展對(duì)獸醫(yī)疫病的病原控制等方面的研究。
There are four national veterinary research institutes across the country, namely, Institute of Animal Quarantine of MOA, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Shanghai Verminosis Research Institute, Lanzhou Veterinary Institute. The latter three belong to China Academy of Agricultural Sciences. There are also many provincial veterinary research institutes that constitute a network conducting studies on pathogenic control of animal diseases, etc.
3、衛(wèi)生部 Ministry of Health
由國務(wù)院主管，下設(shè)衛(wèi)生監(jiān)督中心、縣及以上各級(jí)衛(wèi)生行政部門和中國CDC（營安所）。其中衛(wèi)生監(jiān)督中心是行政執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)，下設(shè)同級(jí)衛(wèi)生監(jiān)督所（局）。中國CDC（營安所）是技術(shù)支持部門，下設(shè)同級(jí)CDC?？诎哆M(jìn)口食品監(jiān)督檢驗(yàn)機(jī)構(gòu)，全國共有10萬左右的衛(wèi)生監(jiān)督員，20余萬的食品衛(wèi)生檢驗(yàn)人員。
The Ministry of Health, under which there are health supervision centers, health administrative departments at county level and above and China CDC, is accountable for the State Council. Health supervision centers are administrative, executive bodies, while China CDC is responsible for technical support. There are about 100,000 food supervisors and over 200,000 food inspectors within the entry border food supervision services under the Ministry of Health.
?。ǘ┕芾韮?nèi)容與范圍
2.2 Object and Scope of Import and Export Food Safety Control
1、食品安全管理的內(nèi)容包括：
2.2.1 Object—what needs to be controlled
（1）有害生物：病原微生物，蟲（體內(nèi)、外寄生蟲，昆蟲），害（有害物質(zhì)、雜草等）；
Harmful existences: pathogenic microbes, pests (celozoic and ectozoic parasites, insects), weeds and other harmful substances.
?。?）殘留（農(nóng)藥與獸藥殘留，重金屬，生物與化學(xué)毒素，有毒物質(zhì)，超標(biāo)的微量元素）；
Residues: pesticides and veterinary drug residues, heavy metal, chemical toxins, toxic substances, trace elements, etc.
?。?）新源性食品（轉(zhuǎn)基因食品，促生長類添加物，保健食品，特殊營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)等）。
Novel Foods: GMOs, growth promoters, health-care products, special nutrients, etc.
2、食品安全管理的范圍（Scope of Food Safety Control）
食品安全管理的范圍包括生產(chǎn)、加工、倉儲(chǔ)、運(yùn)輸、進(jìn)出口銷售等環(huán)節(jié)和內(nèi)容
Scope—the whole supply chain including Production, Processing, Storage, Transportation, and Distribution
?。?）生產(chǎn) Production
?。?）加工 Processing
（3）倉儲(chǔ) Storage
?。?）運(yùn)輸 Transportation
?。?）銷售或進(jìn)出口 Distribution or Import & Export
?、?獸醫(yī)衛(wèi)生防疫體系 (Measures on Bio-security of Veterinary)
?。ㄒ唬┺r(nóng)業(yè)部對(duì)動(dòng)物疫病的衛(wèi)生控制
1. Control of Animal Diseases by MOA
農(nóng)業(yè)部門通過對(duì)國內(nèi)流通領(lǐng)域的動(dòng)物疫病的預(yù)防、動(dòng)物和動(dòng)物產(chǎn)品的檢疫、疫病的控制和撲滅、動(dòng)物防疫監(jiān)督以及運(yùn)輸控制等環(huán)節(jié)實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)動(dòng)物疾病的衛(wèi)生控制。對(duì)外來動(dòng)物疫病與應(yīng)報(bào)告的動(dòng)物疫病，嚴(yán)格按照OIE的規(guī)定要求，進(jìn)行控制。
MOA and its related departments at local levels exert control over domestic animal diseases through measures on disease prevention, quarantine, control and eradication, supervision of animal disease prevention and transportation administration. All disease no matter it’s foreign or local, it should be reported and controlled in strict accordance with OIE regulations and requirements.
?。ǘz驗(yàn)檢疫部門對(duì)出口供宰動(dòng)物的衛(wèi)生控制
Sanitary Control on Animals for slaughtering by Supervision and Quarantine Authorities
1、 對(duì)飼養(yǎng)場的疫病控制與檢疫監(jiān)管
Disease Control and Quarantine Supervision on Farms
國家質(zhì)檢總局規(guī)定：所有出口禽肉加工企業(yè)必須建立“五統(tǒng)一（即統(tǒng)一屠宰，統(tǒng)一供雛，統(tǒng)一供料，統(tǒng)一供藥，統(tǒng)一防疫）”的管理體系，所屠宰的商品肉雞必須來自經(jīng)檢驗(yàn)檢疫機(jī)構(gòu)備案的商品雞場。
AQSIQ requires that all processing plants producing poultry meat for export should establish ‘five-unification’ management system, i.e., unification of chick supply, unification of feed supply, unification of drug supply, unification of vaccination, and unification of slaughtering; that all chicken for slaughtering must be from farms that have been put on file by supervision and quarantine authorities.
出口禽肉加工企業(yè)的獸醫(yī)人員與獸醫(yī)實(shí)驗(yàn)室接受當(dāng)?shù)孬F醫(yī)防疫機(jī)構(gòu)與檢驗(yàn)檢疫機(jī)構(gòu)的監(jiān)督檢查與管理。當(dāng)?shù)孬F醫(yī)防疫機(jī)構(gòu)與檢驗(yàn)檢疫機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)出口禽肉企業(yè)肉禽的飼養(yǎng)、防疫、用藥、免疫與疫病控制以及屠宰進(jìn)行檢疫檢驗(yàn)與監(jiān)督管理。
Plant veterinarians and laboratories are subject to the control of local veterinary authorities and CIQs, who also supervise and regulate feeding, disease-prevention, drug-application, immunization and disease control, and slaughtering in plants.
2、宰前與宰后檢疫
3.2.2 Ante- and Post-mortem Quarantine
國家質(zhì)檢總局2002年10月頒布實(shí)施的《進(jìn)出境肉類檢驗(yàn)檢疫管理辦法》規(guī)定：各檢驗(yàn)檢疫機(jī)構(gòu)要做好屠宰家禽的宰前與宰后獸醫(yī)檢疫監(jiān)管。
Regulation for Entry-exit Meat Inspection and Quarantine, issued in October 2002 by AQSIQ, prescribes that CIQ at all levels should perform ante-mortem and post-mortem quarantine supervision on poultries.
3、動(dòng)物疫病監(jiān)測與檢測
3.2.3 Detection and Monitoring of Animal Diseases
各檢驗(yàn)檢疫機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)所有供屠宰家禽進(jìn)行禽流感和新城疫的檢疫和監(jiān)測。對(duì)所屠宰的家禽在出欄前3-5天采取喉腔與泄殖腔棉拭子樣品, 每個(gè)飼養(yǎng)群不少于30個(gè)樣品，按照熒光RT-PCR方法或參照國際獸醫(yī)局(OIE)規(guī)定的方法,檢測禽流感和新城疫病毒，并進(jìn)行毒力鑒定。
Competent quarantine and supervision authorities carry out ante-mortem detection and monitoring of AI and ND on poultries. To identify AI or ND virus or its toxicity, swabs should be taken from the or pharynx or cloacae of poultries 3-5 days prior to the date of slaughtering. No less than 30 samples should be taken from each flock. Fluorescent RT-PCR method or other methods recommended by OIE may be used for the identification.
?。ㄈ﹦?dòng)物疾病通報(bào)機(jī)制
3.3 Animal Disease Alert Notification System
中國一向?qū)?dòng)物疫病實(shí)行嚴(yán)格的監(jiān)測和控制。十屆全國人大一次會(huì)議批準(zhǔn)成立的新一屆政府以更加務(wù)實(shí)的精神將對(duì)動(dòng)物疫病采取更為嚴(yán)格的控制措施，對(duì)動(dòng)物疫病的通報(bào)將更迅速、準(zhǔn)確。按OIE的規(guī)定，一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)疫情將嚴(yán)格按下列程序上報(bào)：
當(dāng)發(fā)生一類或疑似一類可報(bào)告疾病時(shí)，地方的畜牧獸醫(yī)部門或檢驗(yàn)檢疫部門應(yīng)在12小時(shí)內(nèi)盡快分別報(bào)農(nóng)業(yè)部與國家質(zhì)檢總局，并依法在全國迅速采取相應(yīng)措施。農(nóng)業(yè)部并將有關(guān)情況向聯(lián)合國FAO等有關(guān)組織報(bào)告。
Stringent detection and control measures are always put in place in China to prevent against animal disease. The new Administration approved by the first session of the tenth National People’s Congress are treating the prevention of animal diseases in a more stringent and pragmatic way; as a result, the Alert Notification System is being operated in a more accurate and efficient way. Having regard to the relevant regulations of OIE, once an animal disease is detected, the following reporting and notification procedures will be strictly followed:
When list 1 disease, or a suspected disease is detected somewhere in China, the local animal production and health department or CIQ shall respectively report to the MOA or AQSIQ within 12 hours, and at the same time, corresponding measures should be promptly put in place based on relevant laws and regulations. MOA will report to FAO and other relevant international organization on what’s being detected according to relevant laws and regulations.
Ⅳ. 殘留監(jiān)控體系(Drug Residue Monitoring System)
?。ㄒ唬埩舯O(jiān)控計(jì)劃的實(shí)施
4.1 Implementation of Residue Monitoring Program
1、概述 General Situation
1999年3月，中國農(nóng)業(yè)部和原國家檢驗(yàn)檢疫局參照歐盟96/22與96/23指令的要求，制定了“中華人民共和國動(dòng)物及動(dòng)物源食品中殘留物質(zhì)監(jiān)控計(jì)劃”。該計(jì)劃主要包括：有關(guān)法律、法規(guī)以及有關(guān)受監(jiān)控物質(zhì)的禁用或允許使用、銷售管理規(guī)定；監(jiān)控體系中主管部門和有關(guān)部門的組織結(jié)構(gòu)；實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測網(wǎng)絡(luò)；官方抽樣細(xì)則；計(jì)劃檢測的物質(zhì)，分析方法，計(jì)劃抽取的樣品數(shù)量；對(duì)陽性結(jié)果的處理措施。
Taking into account the requirements of the EU directive 96/22 and 96/23, MOA and the former General Administration of Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China (now known as AQSIQ) developed ‘Chinese Residues Control Program on Live Animals and Foodstuffs of Animal Origin’ in March 1999, which mainly included: laws and regulations related to residue control; competent authorities concerned and their organization structures; lab inspection network; detailed official sampling procedures; list of substances to be tested and analysis methods to be used; number of samples to be taken; measures against non-compliant cases.
2、殘留監(jiān)控對(duì)象
4.1.2 Products to be monitored
1999年度殘留監(jiān)控抽樣計(jì)劃將肉雞、家兔、蜂蜜與魚列為監(jiān)控對(duì)象；2000年度抽樣計(jì)劃將牛、豬、馬、羊、小龍蝦和腸衣列為新增監(jiān)控對(duì)象，對(duì)水產(chǎn)品己烯雌酚的監(jiān)控檢測由魚改為鰻魚。2001年與2002年監(jiān)控對(duì)象沒有改變；2003年國家質(zhì)量監(jiān)督檢驗(yàn)檢疫總局考慮到對(duì)于蜂王漿和蜂蜜可以分別出口的實(shí)際情況，增加了對(duì)蜂王漿的監(jiān)控。
Residues monitoring program in 1999 covered broilers, rabbits, honey and fish. Cattle, pigs, horse, sheep, crawfish and casings were added to the sampling plan of 2000, and the target of DES residue monitoring was specified from fish to eels. The list of animals remained unchanged from 2001 to the following year. In 2003 based on the actual condition that the royal jelly and honey are exported as two different commodities, royal jelly was added by AQSIQ to be listed in monitoring program.
3、監(jiān)控物質(zhì)種類與名錄
4.1.3 Species and Catalog of Monitoring Substances and objective items
（1）1999年出口殘留監(jiān)控物質(zhì)有13類43種
In 1999, 43 substances of 13 species were included in the RMP
?。?）2000年出口殘留監(jiān)控物質(zhì)有17類62種
In 2000, 62 substances of 17 species were included in the RMP
（3）2001年出口殘留監(jiān)控物質(zhì)有17類64種
In 2001, 64 substances of 17 species were included in the RMP
?。?）2002年殘留監(jiān)控物質(zhì)有18類87種。
In 2002, 87 substances of 18 species were included in the RMP
?。?）2003年進(jìn)出口殘留監(jiān)控物質(zhì)有18類90種
In 2003, 90 substances of 18 species were included in the RMP
【1999年至2003年殘留監(jiān)控物質(zhì)種類對(duì)比圖】
?。悇e為監(jiān)控物質(zhì)的小類）
4、監(jiān)控項(xiàng)目與取樣數(shù)量
4.1.4 Residue monitoring items and sample numbers
國家質(zhì)檢總局根據(jù)上一年度殘留監(jiān)控結(jié)果反饋情況，特別是陽性結(jié)果的檢出情況，結(jié)合各國預(yù)警通報(bào)的情況，每年適當(dāng)增加對(duì)應(yīng)監(jiān)控的檢測項(xiàng)目的取樣數(shù)量；尤其是針對(duì)歐盟每次考察報(bào)告中對(duì)我殘留監(jiān)控計(jì)劃提出的合理化建議和近年來歐盟通報(bào)的氯霉素和硝基呋喃問題，增加了滿足歐盟、日本、韓國、瑞士、香港等國家和地區(qū)殘留監(jiān)控要求的項(xiàng)目。對(duì)殘留監(jiān)控項(xiàng)目在新一年的殘留監(jiān)控計(jì)劃中進(jìn)行不斷的完善和改進(jìn)。
Based on the residue monitoring results in the previous year, especially on the feedback information of the positive (non-compliance) results, and taking account of world-wide alert notifications, samples of some items to be taken will be duly increased year by year; based on the reasonable suggestions in FVO inspection report and the problems of chloramphenicol and nitrofuran which had been notified by EU in recent years, the monitoring items are being added in order to meet the residue requirement of importing countries and regions such as the EU, Japan, Korea, Switzerland and HK. The list of monitoring items will be updated and the monitoring system, improved in the following year.
?。?）2000年在上一年基礎(chǔ)上新增加10個(gè)監(jiān)控項(xiàng)目。
In 2000 10 items were added compared with the monitoring program in 1999
?。?）2001年在上一年的基礎(chǔ)上又增加了18個(gè)監(jiān)控項(xiàng)目
In 2001 another 18 items were added compared with the monitoring program in 2000
?。?）2002年在上一年的基礎(chǔ)上增加了59個(gè)監(jiān)控項(xiàng)目
In 2002 59 items were added compared with the monitoring program in 2001
?。?）2003在上一年的基礎(chǔ)上又新增加了29個(gè)監(jiān)控項(xiàng)目
In 2003 29 items were added compared with the monitoring program in 2002
【1999年至2003年殘留監(jiān)控項(xiàng)目調(diào)整增加對(duì)比圖】
5、取樣、送樣程序的建立與完善
4.1.5 Establishment and Improvement of sampling procedure and delivery procedure
為確立官方取樣程序和官方樣品處理的公正性、合法性和科學(xué)性，保證樣品的代表性，參照歐盟98/179/EC指令和FAO/WHO農(nóng)藥殘留法典委員會(huì)所推薦的取樣方法，在“1999年中國動(dòng)物和動(dòng)物源食品殘留物質(zhì)監(jiān)控計(jì)劃”中規(guī)定了殘留監(jiān)控樣品的“官方取樣程序”。
For the purpose of ensuring fairness, lawfulness and scientificness of official sampling and handling of samples, and representativeness of samples taken, ‘Official Sampling Procedure’ was stipulated in ‘Chinese Residue Control Program on Live Animals and Foods of Animal origin (1999)’ based on the EU Directive 98/179/EC and the sampling methods recommended of FAO/WHO Pesticide Residue Code Committee.
2000年2月原國家出入境檢驗(yàn)檢疫局制定并修訂完善了《中國動(dòng)物及動(dòng)物源食品殘留物質(zhì)監(jiān)控計(jì)劃》的工作流程圖、CIQ殘留監(jiān)控取樣流程圖、CIQ殘留監(jiān)控取樣單、CIQ殘留監(jiān)控樣品標(biāo)簽、CIQ殘留監(jiān)控送（收）樣單、CIQ殘留監(jiān)控檢測結(jié)果報(bào)告單、CIQ殘留監(jiān)控結(jié)果統(tǒng)計(jì)報(bào)表，并在實(shí)施2001年度殘留監(jiān)控計(jì)劃中啟用。
In February 2000, the following flow charts and recording sheets were improved and put into use in 2001 by the former General Administration of Inspection and Quarantine (now known as AQSIQ): the whole CIQ residue monitoring work flow chart, CIQ residue monitoring sampling flow chart, CIQ residue monitoring sampling sheet, CIQ residue monitoring sampling tag, CIQ residue monitoring delivery sheet, CIQ residue monitoring testing results report sheet and the result statistics table.
為保證殘留監(jiān)控樣品的安全傳遞，2001年原國家出入境檢驗(yàn)檢疫局委托大通國際運(yùn)輸有限公司，將需要航空快遞的樣品指定由該公司進(jìn)行運(yùn)送。現(xiàn)在仍按此規(guī)定進(jìn)行樣品傳遞。
In order to properly deliver the samples, in 2001, CIQ started to consign to DATONG International transportation Co. of sample delivery by air express. Since then, samples have always been delivered this way.
2001年進(jìn)一步規(guī)范了官方抽樣程序。農(nóng)業(yè)部制訂了《2001年度獸藥殘留監(jiān)控抽樣計(jì)劃技術(shù)操作要點(diǎn)》和《殘留監(jiān)控取樣實(shí)施方案》；原國家出入境檢驗(yàn)檢疫局針對(duì)牛、馬、羊、豬、雞、兔、腸衣、鰻魚、小龍蝦和蜂蜜等不同產(chǎn)品制定了不同的、詳細(xì)的取樣程序。上述技術(shù)指導(dǎo)性文件隨年度殘留監(jiān)控計(jì)劃一并下發(fā)。官方抽樣程序保證了抽樣工作的隨機(jī)性和不確定性。
The Official Sampling Procedure were further standardized in 2001. Technical Operation Key Point of the Veterinary Drug Residue Monitoring Sampling Plan in 2001 and Operational Measures of Residue Monitoring Sampling were stipulated by MOA; CIQ also set up various detailed sampling procedures for cattle, horses, sheep, pigs, chicken, rabbits, casings, eels, crayfish and honey respectively. All of these technical guidance documents were distributed to local authorities with the annual residue monitoring program together. The sampling could be stochastic and non-scheduled in the implementation of the Official Sampling Procedure.
6、監(jiān)控地區(qū)和抽樣檢測任務(wù)
Residue monitored regions and their assigned sampling and testing tasks
國家質(zhì)檢總局每年根據(jù)上一年度的殘留監(jiān)控工作情況，結(jié)合各直屬局提交的殘留監(jiān)控報(bào)告中提出的問題及各局上報(bào)的新一年度殘留監(jiān)控工作計(jì)劃，國家質(zhì)檢總局在每年發(fā)布的年度殘留監(jiān)控計(jì)劃對(duì)各地區(qū)的抽樣和檢測任務(wù)均作適當(dāng)調(diào)整。
Based on the implementation of the residue monitoring program in the previous year, the problems mentioned in the implementation reports and residue monitoring plans for the coming year submitted by regional authorities, AQSIQ makes reasonable adjustment on regional arrangement of the overall sampling and testing tasks.
目前抽樣地區(qū)已從1999年的12個(gè)地區(qū)增加到32個(gè)地區(qū)。2003年還新增加了氯霉素和硝基呋喃的檢測抽樣；另外考慮到我國對(duì)進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品檢測出的殘留陽性結(jié)果增多，從2003年開始實(shí)施進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品的殘留監(jiān)測，重點(diǎn)在廣東、遼寧、上海、山東、天津和深圳等入境口岸地區(qū)進(jìn)行抽樣。
For example, sampled regions have expanded from 12 regions in 1999 to the current 32 regions. Chloramphenicol and nitrofurans were added to the sampling plan of 2003. In addition, in view of the increasing positive results in imported products, from 2003 onwards, residue sampling are applied to imported products, mainly in major entry borders/ports in the provinces of Guangdong, Liaoning, Shanghai, Shandong, Tianjin and Shenzhen.
【圖3：1999年至2003年殘留監(jiān)控抽樣地區(qū)對(duì)比圖】
（二）殘留監(jiān)控的其它有關(guān)保障措施
4.2 Other related assurance measures for residue monitoring
1、建立殘留監(jiān)控工作專家隊(duì)伍
4.2.1 Setting up expert team for residue monitoring
國家質(zhì)檢總局有一支殘留監(jiān)控的專家隊(duì)伍，及時(shí)收集國外殘留限量、方法等信息，定期培訓(xùn)與交流，研討我國殘留監(jiān)控應(yīng)對(duì)措施。隨著殘留監(jiān)控工作的開展和深入，培養(yǎng)了一大批熟悉歐盟、美國、加拿大、日本等國法律法規(guī)和精通殘留監(jiān)控管理、督促檢查等殘留監(jiān)控方面的管理型專家及精通殘留檢測技術(shù)、掌握最新殘留檢測動(dòng)態(tài)等技術(shù)型專家。
AQSIQ has an expert team for residue monitoring who are regularly trained and are responsible for the collection of information on residue limits and methods of analysis, and the studies of measures to be taken for residue monitoring in China. With the development and expansion of residue monitoring work, AQSIQ has cultivated a group of residue monitoring experts who are familiar with the laws and regulations of the EU, the Unite States, Canada, Japan and are accomplished in the administration of residue monitoring, supervision and inspection. AQSIQ also has a group of technical experts accomplished in residue analytic techniques and well informed of latest analytic development.
2、成立殘留監(jiān)控專家委員會(huì)
4.2.2 Foundation of National Drug Residue Monitoring Committee
農(nóng)業(yè)部邀請其他有關(guān)部門專家，成立全國藥物殘留監(jiān)控專家委員會(huì)。全國藥物殘留監(jiān)控專家委員會(huì)根據(jù)國內(nèi)藥品使用情況及有關(guān)環(huán)保監(jiān)控信息與地方殘留監(jiān)控機(jī)構(gòu)的數(shù)據(jù)及農(nóng)、獸藥銷售和使用等方面信息， 評(píng)估殘留監(jiān)控計(jì)劃的效果及效率，進(jìn)行必要調(diào)整，同時(shí)負(fù)責(zé)與相關(guān)國際專業(yè)組織進(jìn)行對(duì)話，并負(fù)責(zé)擬訂、審議和修改全國殘留年度監(jiān)控計(jì)劃。
Experts from MOA and other relevant departments were organized by MOA to form National Drug Residue Monitoring Committee. The committee is responsible for the evaluation of the effectiveness and efficiency of residue monitoring plans and making adjustment to the plans if necessary based on the data on domestic drug use, environmental protection, local residue control, and the sale and use of pesticides and veterinary drugs. The committee is also responsible for the dialogues with relevant international organizations, and the draft, examination and revision of annual residue monitoring plans.
3、匯編有關(guān)法規(guī)與技術(shù)資料
4.2.3 Compilation of relevant regulations and technical documents
為了加強(qiáng)殘留監(jiān)控、實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測以及有關(guān)企業(yè)的技術(shù)支持，國家質(zhì)檢總局2002年11月編印出版了《各國食品中農(nóng)藥獸藥殘留限量規(guī)定》。
With a view to strengthening residue control and laboratory analysis and providing technical assistance to related establishments, Pesticide and Veterinary Drug MRLs in Foodstuff in Different Countries was compiled and published in November 2002 by AQSIQ.
國家質(zhì)檢總局2003年8月編印了《動(dòng)物源性食品殘留監(jiān)控法規(guī)文件匯編》，下發(fā)各直屬檢驗(yàn)檢疫機(jī)構(gòu)與有關(guān)企業(yè)學(xué)習(xí)執(zhí)行。
In July 2003, AQSIQ compiled and published Collection of Regulations and Circulars on animal origin foodstuff residue monitoring, which was passed down to each directly-affiliated CIQ and related establishment for the purpose of thorough implementation.
?、?病原微生物控制體系 (Implementation of Pathogen Control Program)
（一）病原微生物的控制
5.1 Pathogen Control
中國食品衛(wèi)生規(guī)范
?。℅MP，SSOP）
10個(gè)出口食品企業(yè)的衛(wèi)生規(guī)范和20個(gè)國內(nèi)食品企業(yè)的衛(wèi)生規(guī)范
Food Hygiene regulation in China (GMP, SSOP)
ten hygiene regulation for food establishments for export
twenty domestic hygiene regulation
2、HACCP體系
根據(jù)出口食品的衛(wèi)生注冊要求，有六大類出口食品生產(chǎn)加工企業(yè)必須實(shí)施HACCP體系
According to relevant hygiene requirements for the registration of food establishments, in China food establishments involved in the production /processing of the following six categories of products must be operated in accordance with HACCP:
（1）含肉或水產(chǎn)品的速凍方便食品
1) Instant frozen food containing meat or aquatic products
?。?）肉及肉制品
2) meat and meat products
（3）速凍蔬菜
3) Instant frozen vegetables
?。?）果蔬汁
4) fruit/vegetable juice
（5）罐頭類
5) canned products
?。?）水產(chǎn)品類（活品、冰鮮、晾曬、腌制品除外）
6) Aquatic products (excluding live, fresh and frozen, air-dried, soused products)
?。ǘ┎≡⑸锏臋z測
Detection of Pathogen
1、微生物實(shí)驗(yàn)室:按照ISO/IEC17025建立質(zhì)量管理體系并經(jīng)中國實(shí)驗(yàn)室認(rèn)可委員會(huì)認(rèn)證
1. Pathogen testing laboratories: built and operated in line with ISO/IEC17025; accredited by China Laboratory Accreditation Committee
2、質(zhì)量控制:實(shí)驗(yàn)室定期進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)室間的能力驗(yàn)證實(shí)驗(yàn)并積極參加實(shí)驗(yàn)室認(rèn)可委員會(huì)以及其他國際組織（NATAL, APECAL, CSL）的能力驗(yàn)證實(shí)驗(yàn)
2. Quality Control: inter-laboratory proficiency tests are regularly held. Laboratories are also involved in active participation in proficiency tests organized by Laboratory Accreditation Committee and international institutions like NATAL, APECAL, CSL, etc.
3、檢測方法：國際、地區(qū)或國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方法如：FDA/BAM 8th、AOAC、ISO、NMKL、GB方法、SN 方法
3. testing methods: a variety of international, regional or national standard methods like FDA/BAM 8th, AOAC, ISO, NMKL, GB, SN, ect
4、微生物檢測項(xiàng)目：細(xì)菌計(jì)數(shù)、大腸桿菌、沙門氏菌、致病性大腸桿菌(O157:H7) 、單核增生性李斯特氏菌、彎曲桿菌、金黃色葡萄球菌、志賀氏菌等
4. testing items: total bacterial count, O157, salmonellae, O157:H7, listeria monocytogenes, genus campylobacter, staphylococcus aureus, Sh.dysenterae ect.
?、? 實(shí)驗(yàn)室體系(Laboratory Quality Assurance System)
（一）實(shí)驗(yàn)室機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)置
6.1 Laboratory Construction
國家質(zhì)檢總局共設(shè)有8個(gè)殘留檢測基準(zhǔn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室和31個(gè)批準(zhǔn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室，在動(dòng)物疫病檢測方面設(shè)有22個(gè)國家級(jí)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室、43個(gè)區(qū)域性中心實(shí)驗(yàn)室、6個(gè)常規(guī)實(shí)驗(yàn)室；
In China there are altogether 8 reference laboratories for residue detection and 31 approved laboratories under AQSIQ, and 22 national key laboratories, 43 regional central laboratories, 6 routine laboratories are involved in animal disease detection.
農(nóng)業(yè)部共設(shè)有2個(gè)殘留檢測基準(zhǔn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室和32個(gè)批準(zhǔn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室。
There are 2 reference laboratories for residue detection and 32 approved laboratories under MOA.
1、基準(zhǔn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室
6.1.1 reference laboratories
負(fù)責(zé)指導(dǎo)批準(zhǔn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室的檢測工作，協(xié)調(diào)分析方法的使用，通過組織培訓(xùn)、比對(duì)試驗(yàn)，并在必要的情況下通過對(duì)試驗(yàn)結(jié)果的分析指導(dǎo)有關(guān)實(shí)驗(yàn)室糾正偏差；協(xié)助主管當(dāng)局制定和實(shí)施殘留物質(zhì)監(jiān)控計(jì)劃；定期組織實(shí)驗(yàn)室間的比對(duì)試驗(yàn)；培訓(xùn)檢測實(shí)驗(yàn)室分析人員；收集國內(nèi)外有關(guān)殘留監(jiān)控的信息，提供承擔(dān)項(xiàng)目的國內(nèi)外年度綜述；必要時(shí)提供確證檢驗(yàn)。
Responsibilities of Reference Laboratories: setting up and coordinating residue analysis methods and standards; assisting the competent authorities in establishing and carrying out residue monitoring programs; participating in international comparative tests and performance tests; organizing regular comparative tests and performance tests; collecting and transferring information on international residue monitoring; offering domestic or international training programs for analytical staff to improve their analytical skills.
2、批準(zhǔn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室
6.1.2 Approved laboratories
承擔(dān)監(jiān)控計(jì)劃中指定的檢測任務(wù)，出具檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果；參加有關(guān)的技術(shù)培訓(xùn)、水平測試和比對(duì)試驗(yàn)；向基準(zhǔn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室提出改進(jìn)分析方法的建議。
Responsibilities of Approved Laboratories: presenting assigned testing results; strictly carrying out designated standards, methods or detection limits for residue testing; participating in comparative tests organized by reference laboratories; proposing to reference laboratories on improving testing methods.
（二）實(shí)驗(yàn)室質(zhì)量管理（Management of Laboratory Quality）
所有實(shí)驗(yàn)室均按ISO/IEC-17025-1997的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)編制了質(zhì)量體系文件，并獲得實(shí)驗(yàn)室認(rèn)可委員會(huì)的認(rèn)可；在其作為基準(zhǔn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室所負(fù)責(zé)的殘留物質(zhì)檢測方面，有經(jīng)過殘留物質(zhì)分析方法培訓(xùn)的合格人員，熟悉國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；擁有本實(shí)驗(yàn)室負(fù)責(zé)的殘留物質(zhì)分析項(xiàng)目所必需的設(shè)備和材料，具有完善的行政組織機(jī)構(gòu)，具有足夠的數(shù)據(jù)處理能力，能迅速地將統(tǒng)計(jì)資料和其它信息報(bào)告主管部門,并通報(bào)其它實(shí)驗(yàn)室，有最新的帶證標(biāo)準(zhǔn)物質(zhì)及其相關(guān)信息。
All laboratories have been accredited by Laboratory Accreditation Committee and have adequate quality control documentation in accordance with ISO/IEC-17025-1997.
The laboratories are finely staffed with employees who have been trained on residue analysis and are familiar with international standards and practices. The laboratories are also equipped with adequate facilities and documentation to complete assigned analysis projects. The laboratories have good administrative organizations, own latest CRMs and related information, and possess sufficient data processing abilities, are able to rapidly submit statistical data and other information to the competent authorities and at the same time, notifying other laboratories.
?。ㄈ?shí)驗(yàn)室檢測方法
6.2 Laboratory Testing Methods
1、常規(guī)分析方法
6.2.1 Routine Methods of analysis)
實(shí)驗(yàn)室根據(jù)檢驗(yàn)檢疫行政執(zhí)法和國家殘留監(jiān)控計(jì)劃的要求使用可用于篩選和確證目的的方法。Laboratories use testing methods in accordance with the laws of inspection and quarantine and the requirements of the national residue monitoring program. Routine methods of analysis must be verified in the laboratory and can be used for the purpose of screening and confirmation.
（1）篩選方法：用于篩選目的的方法。這些方法用于測定一種或一類待測物，靈敏度能滿足殘留檢測的要求。這些方法的樣品處理能力高，用于大量樣品中潛在的陽性樣品的篩選，篩選方法必須避免假陰性結(jié)果。
(1) Screening Methods: used for the screening of one kind or one class of compounds; the sensitivity can meet the requirement of residue detection. The methods must be suitable for samples of large numbers for potential positive results; specifically designed to avoid false negative results.
?。?）確證方法：用于確證目的的方法。提供全部或補(bǔ)充的明確確證信息，靈敏度能滿足殘留檢測的要求，確證方法的目的在于避免假陽性結(jié)果。
(2) Confirmatory Methods: used for confirmation, which provides full or complementary information for positive results, specifically designed to avoid false positive results. The sensitivity can satisfy the requirements for residue detection.
2、結(jié)果解析
6.2.2 Interpretation of Results
?。?）陽性結(jié)果：對(duì)于限量規(guī)定為不得檢出的物質(zhì)，如果樣品中待測物被明確確證，則分析結(jié)果為“陽性”。對(duì)于建立了最高殘留限量的物質(zhì)，如果試驗(yàn)樣品（使用任何校正因子以后）中待測物含量超過最高殘留限量，則分析結(jié)果為陽性。
(1) Positive Results: if the presence of a substance that must not be found in the sample is confirmed, the result is regarded as "positive". For substance with an established maximum residue limit, the result of the analysis is considered as ‘positive’ in case the determined content of the identified compound in the sample is higher than the MRLs (in any calibration).
?。?）陰性結(jié)果：對(duì)于限量規(guī)定為不得檢出的物質(zhì)，經(jīng)確證樣品中不存在待測物。已建立最高殘留限量的殘留物，樣品中待測物測定含量低于最高殘留限量，則分析結(jié)果為陰性。
(2) Negative Results: if a substance that must not be detected in the sample has proved to be out of existence, the result is regarded as "negative". For substances with established MRLs, the result is regarded as ‘negative’ in case the content of the compound in the sample is lower than the MRLs.
3、分析方法選擇
6.2.3 Choosing of Methods of Analysis
（1）中國國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或中國行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；
Relevant Chinese national standards (GB) or Chinese industrial standards (SN)
（2）公定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方法，如國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織（ISO）發(fā)布的方法；
Recognized standard methods, for instance, ISO methods
（3）經(jīng)權(quán)威的管理部門或機(jī)構(gòu)認(rèn)可的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)操作指南（SOP）；
Standard Operational Practices (SOP) authorized by competent authorities or institutions.
4、質(zhì)量控制
6.2.4 Quality Control
?。?）分析方法必須經(jīng)過認(rèn)可或周密的驗(yàn)證。
(1) Analytical methods must be approved or validated thoroughly before put into use;
（2）程序作出明確的規(guī)定，經(jīng)考核核準(zhǔn)的人員才能進(jìn)行分析、測試、分析結(jié)果計(jì)算和記錄、校核等工作。
(2) It has been stipulated that only those who have been examined and qualified can handle sample analysis, calculation, recording and checking of results;
?。?）使用質(zhì)量控制樣品。包括經(jīng)用有證標(biāo)準(zhǔn)物質(zhì)（CRM）或其他國際上公認(rèn)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)物質(zhì)校準(zhǔn)的實(shí)驗(yàn)室參考物質(zhì)。每一次測試應(yīng)同時(shí)檢測質(zhì)量控制樣品
(3) Use control samples, including certified reference materials (CRM), or other laboratory reference materials calibrated by the standard substances recognized internationally. Samples analyzed each time should be paralleled with quality control samples
?。?）用添加樣品（添加有待測物或內(nèi)標(biāo)物）檢查回收率、響應(yīng)線性和制作校正曲線
(4) Recovery, linearity and calibration curve should be checked by spiked samples (with target component or internal standard).
?。?）主要儀器設(shè)備，應(yīng)能滿足檢測方法的要求，并要經(jīng)常進(jìn)行校準(zhǔn)和維護(hù)。
(5) Main testing facilities should meet the requirements of analytical methods, and be verified and maintained regularly.
（6）結(jié)果計(jì)算必須詳細(xì)說明，其結(jié)果必須符合統(tǒng)計(jì)分析的質(zhì)量要求。
(6) Data calculation should be presented in detail. The results must meet statistical quality control requirements.
5、參加實(shí)驗(yàn)室比對(duì)與協(xié)同試驗(yàn)
Participating in Comparative Tests and Performance Tests
盡管國際上組織開展的獸藥殘留檢測水平測試的次數(shù)很少，但CIQ的許多實(shí)驗(yàn)室近年來還是積極參加了國際水平測試和協(xié)同實(shí)驗(yàn)：35個(gè)CIQ實(shí)驗(yàn)室通過獸藥殘留水平測試得到了日本厚生勞動(dòng)省的認(rèn)可；浙江、上海等9個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)室參加了英國TPA的茶葉農(nóng)藥殘留水平測試，得到了歐盟茶葉委員會(huì)的認(rèn)可；遼寧、上海和浙江參加了APLAC的食品檢驗(yàn)水平測試；秦皇島、大連、商檢研究所等參加了AOAC分析方法協(xié)同實(shí)驗(yàn)（如克球酚、菊酯類等）。同時(shí)，國家實(shí)驗(yàn)室認(rèn)可委員會(huì)經(jīng)常組織全國實(shí)驗(yàn)室進(jìn)行水平測試、盲樣測試和比對(duì)試驗(yàn)等，實(shí)驗(yàn)室與實(shí)驗(yàn)室之間也進(jìn)行結(jié)果的比對(duì)。
Although there are few international tests on residue testing performance, quite a lot of CIQ laboratories participated in international comparative tests and performance tests in recent years: 35 laboratories have been accredited by Japanese Ministry of Welfare and Labor; 9 laboratories from Zhejiang and Shanghai took part in tea residue detection performance tests organized by TPA and have been accredited by European Tea Committee; Laboratories from Liaoning, Zhejiang and Shanghai participated in performance tests organized by APLAC; commodity inspection research institutes in Qinhuangdao and Dalian participated in AOAC testing method co-experiment (on items of Clopitol, pyrethroids, etc.) In the meantime, State Laboratory Accreditation Committee frequently organizes nationwide laboratory performance tests, blind sample tests and comparative tests.
Ⅶ. 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)警與快速反應(yīng)體系(Risk alarm and Rapid Response)
?。ㄒ唬╊A(yù)警及快速反應(yīng)的對(duì)象和范圍
7.1 Object and Scope of Risk alert & Rapid Response Mechanism
存在或可能存在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及存在潛在危害的具有化學(xué)、物理、生物性污染，這些污染包括病原微生物、病蟲害、農(nóng)獸殘、重金屬殘留、毒素等，以及不符合標(biāo)簽規(guī)定的進(jìn)出口動(dòng)物源性食品等。
Chemical, physical or biological contaminants that have or may have or have potential hazardous effect on human health, including pathogens, pests, pesticide and drug residues, heavy metal residues, toxins, and animal-derived food products non-compliant with labeling requirements, etc.
?。ǘ╋L(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)警管理的組織機(jī)構(gòu)
7.2 Contracture of Organization and Management of risk alert
（1）國家質(zhì)檢總局統(tǒng)一管理全國進(jìn)出口動(dòng)物源性食品檢驗(yàn)檢疫風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)警及快速反應(yīng)工作，進(jìn)出口食品安全局具體組織實(shí)施。
1) AQSIQ plays a leading role in the management of Risk Alert and Quick Responding System for imported and exported food products of animal origin, with Import and Export Food Safety Bureau taking care of the actual implementation.
（2）進(jìn)出口動(dòng)物源性食品檢驗(yàn)檢疫風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)警及快速反應(yīng)工作辦公室（風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)警辦公室）設(shè)在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)法規(guī)中心，負(fù)責(zé)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)警及快速反應(yīng)的日常工作。
2) Risk Alert and Quick Responding Office (which is under Standards, Law and Regulation Center, known also as Risk Alert Office) deals with daily affairs associated with risk alert.
（3）國家質(zhì)檢總局設(shè)在各地的直屬出入境檢驗(yàn)檢疫機(jī)構(gòu)（直屬局）指定相應(yīng)的部門負(fù)責(zé)所轄地區(qū)的進(jìn)出口動(dòng)物源性食品風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)警及快速反應(yīng)工作。
3) Provincial/local CIQ designates corresponding bodies to deal with risk alert and quick responding affairs.
（三）風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)警措施
7.3 Risk alert measures
?。?）向各地出入境檢驗(yàn)檢疫機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)布風(fēng)險(xiǎn)警示通報(bào)，對(duì)特定出入境貨物、物品有針對(duì)性地加強(qiáng)檢驗(yàn)檢疫和監(jiān)測等，并迅速采取有效的措施控制風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
1) To issue alert notifications to provincial/local CIQ, to strengthen inspection, supervision on specific entry-exit commodities/consignments, and to take effective measures to bring risks, if any, under control.
?。?）向國內(nèi)外生產(chǎn)廠商、相關(guān)部門發(fā)布風(fēng)險(xiǎn)警示通告，提醒或通知其采取適當(dāng)?shù)拇胧鲃?dòng)消除或降低進(jìn)出口動(dòng)物源性食品的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
2) To release alert notifications reminding domestic and foreign producers and relevant authorities to take proper measures for the purpose of removing or reducing risks.
（3）向消費(fèi)者發(fā)布風(fēng)險(xiǎn)警示通告，提醒消費(fèi)者注意某種動(dòng)物源性食品的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，確保安全。
3) To publicize alert notifications enhancing consumers' awareness of the risk a certain animal-originated food product may impose.
?。ㄋ模┛焖俜磻?yīng)措施
7.4 Rapid Response
1、進(jìn)出口檢驗(yàn)檢疫快速反應(yīng)措施
7.4.1 Rapid response of Entry-exit inspection and quarantine
（1）出入境口岸檢驗(yàn)檢疫發(fā)現(xiàn)不合格產(chǎn)品依法有條件地限制有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的動(dòng)物源性食品出入境或使用；對(duì)嚴(yán)重者采取禁止其出入境、銷毀或退回。
?。?）日常檢驗(yàn)檢疫監(jiān)測發(fā)現(xiàn)不合格產(chǎn)品對(duì)有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的動(dòng)物源性食品采取嚴(yán)密監(jiān)控、增加檢驗(yàn)比例、增設(shè)檢驗(yàn)項(xiàng)目、增加檢驗(yàn)檢疫批次、扣留觀察、責(zé)令召回等措施。
（3）國外有關(guān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)信息通過不合格產(chǎn)品信息的報(bào)道，加強(qiáng)對(duì)有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的動(dòng)物源性食品的國內(nèi)外生產(chǎn)、加工或存放單位的衛(wèi)生注冊及監(jiān)督檢查，對(duì)不符合條件的，依法取消其檢驗(yàn)檢疫衛(wèi)生注冊登記資格或進(jìn)出口動(dòng)物源性食品標(biāo)簽審核證書等。
1) Border controls: if non-compliant products are found by CIQ, responding restrictive measures will be taken in line with relevant laws and regulations; if found to be seriously non-compliant, products shall be rejected or destroyed, and the entry/exit of them shall not be allowed.
2) Routine controls: if non-compliant products are found in routine analysis, the products shall be closely supervised, and follow-up measures like the increase of sampling percentage, testing items and consignments, detaining, mandatory recalls, shall be taken.
3) When there are reports on hazardous products in a third country, corresponding measures, such as strengthening supervision on the establishments that produce, process or store products that may pose risks; if non-compliance is confirmed, the registration number and/or labeling certificate of animal products for import/export of the establishment(s) will be annulled.
2、緊急控制措施
7.4.2 Emergent Control Measures
（1）對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)不明確而且可能存在重大風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的出入境動(dòng)物源性食品，采取扣留檢驗(yàn)檢疫、限制進(jìn)出口的臨時(shí)緊急措施，并積極收集信息進(jìn)行風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估。
（2）對(duì)已經(jīng)明確存在A級(jí)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的出入境動(dòng)物源性食品，采取緊急措施，禁止其出入境、銷毀或退回；必要時(shí)，提請國務(wù)院封鎖有關(guān)口岸。
1) Imported/exported animal products that may produce severe hazardous effect will be detained for further analysis, the movement of which shall be restricted until risk assessment is made based on collected information.
2) Imported/exported animal products that are confirmed to have Class A hazardous effect shall be rejected at border, to be destroyed or recalled; and if necessary, the State Council shall be suggested to take measures to close border post(s) involved.
3、召回管理程序
7.4.3 Recall Management Procedure
出口主管部門在確定出口食品存在問題后，及時(shí)向經(jīng)營者發(fā)出召回通知書，并發(fā)出暫停出口公告，生產(chǎn)企業(yè)在接到主管部門發(fā)出的召回通知書之日起3日內(nèi)，停止出口所涉及的出口食品，經(jīng)營者接到主管部門關(guān)于出口食品指令召回通知書之日起5日內(nèi)，實(shí)施產(chǎn)品召回行動(dòng)計(jì)劃，對(duì)每一批完成召回的出口食品，經(jīng)營者應(yīng)保存符合本程序要求的召回記錄單，在召回完成時(shí)，向主管部門遞交符合要求的召回結(jié)果報(bào)告，主管部門或其指定的機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)對(duì)召回行動(dòng)進(jìn)行核實(shí)和檢查，確保召回行動(dòng)按計(jì)劃完成。
When exported food products are confirmed to be unsafe or unsuitable for human consumption, the competent authorities shall issue recall notifications to the producers/exporters involved, and coupled with that, export suspension announcements will also be issued. Producers involved, upon the arrival of recall notifications, shall suspend the export of the affected food products within 3 days; exporters involved, upon the arrival of recall notifications, shall start to recall the affected products within 5 days. Recall records shall be kept in line with recall procedure requirements; recall reports shall be submitted to the competent authorities upon the completion of recall procedures. The competent authorities or their designated agencies are responsible for the review and verification of recalls made to ensure its accordance with recall plans.
?、⑦M(jìn)出境檢驗(yàn)檢疫管理
Management of Entry-exit Inspection and Quarantine
?。ㄒ唬╋L(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析7.1 Risk Analysis
進(jìn)口的肉類產(chǎn)品應(yīng)來自無動(dòng)物疫病流行的國家或地區(qū)。提供出口國詳細(xì)的獸醫(yī)衛(wèi)生狀況及動(dòng)物疫病發(fā)生情況，完成獸醫(yī)答卷。
Imported meat products must come from non-epizootic disease countries or regions. The competent authority of the countries or regions that intended to export meat products to China should provide information about animal health statue and the outbreak of epizootic disease , complete an animal disease questionnaire.
（二）簽訂雙邊協(xié)議
8.2 Signing Bilateral Agreement
肉類出口國政府應(yīng)與國家質(zhì)量監(jiān)督檢驗(yàn)檢疫總局簽訂有關(guān)輸入肉類的雙邊議定書。
The competent authority of exporting country should sign bilateral agreements with General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of P.R.C (AQSIQ ). on importing of meat products.
?。ㄈ┚惩馍a(chǎn)廠家考核與注冊登記
8.3 On-site review and registration of foreign establishments
出口企業(yè)應(yīng)向中華人民共和國認(rèn)證認(rèn)可監(jiān)督管理局申請注冊，進(jìn)口的肉類產(chǎn)品應(yīng)來自中華人民共和國認(rèn)證認(rèn)可監(jiān)督管理局批準(zhǔn)注冊的加工廠，加工廠和肉類生產(chǎn)應(yīng)在出口國政府官方獸醫(yī)的監(jiān)督監(jiān)管下。未經(jīng)認(rèn)證認(rèn)可監(jiān)督管理局注冊登記的國外加工企業(yè)生產(chǎn)的肉類產(chǎn)品不得向中國出口。
The export-oriented facilities of foreign countries and regions should apply for registration to Certification and Accreditation Administration of the people’s Republic of China (CNCA ), The imported meat products must come from the facilities that approved by CNCA, and the production of meat products should be put under the supervision of the official inspector
?。ㄋ模z驗(yàn)檢疫 (8.4 Inspection and Quarantine )
1、檢疫審批 8.4.1 Import Permit
檢疫審批制度是指根據(jù)動(dòng)植物檢疫法第五條、第十條及其實(shí)施條例的第九條、第十條以及國家有關(guān)規(guī)定，對(duì)進(jìn)境動(dòng)物及其動(dòng)物產(chǎn)品（含過境動(dòng)物及產(chǎn)品）、部分植物及其產(chǎn)品，必須事先辦理檢疫審批手續(xù)，獲得《中華人民共和國進(jìn)境動(dòng)植物檢疫許可證》（以下稱檢疫許可證）。審批范圍詳見《進(jìn)境動(dòng)植物檢疫審批名錄》（國家質(zhì)檢總局2002年第2號(hào)公告）
Base on the statement of article 5 and 10 in Law of the People's Republic of China on the Entry and Exit Animal and Plant Quarantine, and statement of article 9and 10 in The Regulation for implementation of Law of the People's Republic of China on Entry and Exit Animal and Plant Quarantine , The Import Permit System requires whoever imports animal quarantine objects or transports transit quarantine objects shall submit an application, go through the formalities for approval of quarantine and get the Import Permit of Entry Animal and Plant Quarantine of People’s Republic of China in advance. Some detailed information is in “The list of Import Permit of animal and plant quarantine” (Announcement No.2, 2002,AQSIQ)
2、檢疫報(bào)檢Quarantine Declaration
輸入、輸出檢驗(yàn)檢疫物或過境運(yùn)輸檢驗(yàn)檢疫物，必須提前向有關(guān)進(jìn)出境檢驗(yàn)檢疫機(jī)構(gòu)申報(bào)檢疫，同時(shí)提供必要的報(bào)檢資料，如報(bào)檢單、檢疫許可證、產(chǎn)地檢疫證書、貿(mào)易合同等。
Quarantine declaration system requires whoever imports and exports inspection and quarantine objects or transports transit inspection and quarantine objects shall apply to relevant entry-exit inspection and quarantine authorities in advance on strength of the necessary documents such as Declaration form, the import permit, the health certificate of origin and trade contracts etc.
3、現(xiàn)場檢驗(yàn)檢疫 On-spots Inspection and Quarantine
（1）進(jìn)出境的檢驗(yàn)檢疫物到達(dá)口岸時(shí)，進(jìn)出境檢驗(yàn)檢疫機(jī)構(gòu)依法登車、登船、登機(jī)對(duì)檢疫物實(shí)施檢疫，包括查驗(yàn)證單、查驗(yàn)證貨相符、防疫消毒等。
（2）根據(jù)需要，采取樣品進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢驗(yàn)檢疫。
On arrival at a port of entry-exit inspection and quarantine objects, the inspection and quarantine authority shall embark on a ship, a vehicle or an airplane to perform quarantine by the Law, including documents check and identity check, and preventive disinfections.
If necessary, the samples will be taken at random for laboratory tests
4、實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢驗(yàn)檢疫 Laboratory Tests
進(jìn)出口動(dòng)物源性食品的實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢驗(yàn)項(xiàng)目、方法和判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)根據(jù)應(yīng)檢疫病名錄、雙邊檢疫議定書、貿(mào)易合同或協(xié)議中訂明的要求進(jìn)行。檢驗(yàn)項(xiàng)目包括有害生物（病原微生物，體內(nèi)、外寄生蟲，昆蟲、有害物質(zhì)、雜草等）、殘留（農(nóng)藥與獸藥殘留，重金屬，生物與化學(xué)毒素，有毒物質(zhì)，超標(biāo)的微量元素）等。
The items, methods and standards of laboratory tests for Products of Animal Origin for Export & Import are specified in the list of diseases, bilateral quarantine protocol, trade contracts or agreements. The inspection items include Harmful existences( pathogenic microbes, celozoic and ectozoic parasites, insects, weeds and other harmful substance) ;Residues(pesticides and veterinary drug residues, heavy metal, chemical toxins, toxic substances, trace elements) etc.
5、檢驗(yàn)檢疫監(jiān)督Supervision on Inspection and Quarantine
檢驗(yàn)檢疫監(jiān)督是指對(duì)進(jìn)出口動(dòng)物源性食品的生產(chǎn)、加工、存放過程實(shí)施監(jiān)督管理。
Inspection and Quarantine supervision requires that the whole process of the production, processing and storage of Products of Animal Origin for Export & Import shall be under the supervision and surveillance.
6、檢驗(yàn)檢疫放行和檢驗(yàn)檢疫處理
Inspection & Quarantine Release and Inspection & Quarantine Treatments
?。?）檢驗(yàn)檢疫放行是指對(duì)經(jīng)檢驗(yàn)檢疫合格的檢驗(yàn)檢疫物給予的放行處理
?。?）檢疫處理是指對(duì)經(jīng)檢驗(yàn)檢疫不合格的檢驗(yàn)檢疫物采取的措施，包括退回、銷毀（撲殺）和除害（如消毒、熏蒸）措施。
Inspection Release means the measure shall be taken for the inspection and quarantine objects which have passed the quarantine inspection
Quarantine treatments means all kinds of measures shall be taken for the inspection and quarantine objects fails to quarantine inspection, including rejection, destruction (killing) and inactivation of harmful organism (by disinfections or fumigation).