6月14日,華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)園藝植物生物學(xué)教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室鄧秀新院士團(tuán)隊(duì)在National Science Review上發(fā)表了題為“Structural variation and parallel evolution of apomixis in citrus during domestication and diversification”的研究論文。該研究首次揭示了柑橘中不同屬間無(wú)融合生殖性狀存在平行進(jìn)化,回答了現(xiàn)代栽培柑橘?gòu)V泛存在無(wú)融合生殖的遺傳機(jī)制。
柑橘是世界同時(shí)是我國(guó)第一大果樹(shù),自上個(gè)世紀(jì)80年代以來(lái),我國(guó)柑橘栽培面積和產(chǎn)量持續(xù)增長(zhǎng),據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)2020年柑橘總產(chǎn)量已達(dá)到4500余萬(wàn)噸。我國(guó)是柑橘的起源地之一,栽培品種類型繁多,柑、橘、橙、柚、葡萄柚、檸檬、金柑、雜柑等都有規(guī)?;脑耘唷8涕?gòu)V泛存在無(wú)融合生殖的特性,導(dǎo)致后代基因型和母本保持一致,阻礙了柑橘的雜交育種進(jìn)程。因此,研究柑橘無(wú)融合生殖對(duì)于加速柑橘遺傳改良具有重要意義。此外,無(wú)融合生殖還被運(yùn)用于作物的雜種優(yōu)勢(shì)固定,具有重要應(yīng)用前景,對(duì)我國(guó)種業(yè)發(fā)展具有重要意義。柑橘是研究孢子體無(wú)融合生殖的模式材料,解析柑橘無(wú)融合生殖的遺傳機(jī)制,能夠?yàn)樽魑镫s種優(yōu)勢(shì)固定提供新的思路。柑橘中的金柑屬在我國(guó)具有悠久的栽培歷史,山金柑 (Hongkong kumquat, Fortunella hindsii) 是金柑屬的一種常綠野生果樹(shù),其植株矮小,童期短,開(kāi)花早,實(shí)生苗一至兩年便可開(kāi)花結(jié)果。并且山金柑具有無(wú)融合生殖和有性生殖兩種類型。
理解植物無(wú)融合生殖的起源和進(jìn)化是現(xiàn)代進(jìn)化生物學(xué)最具挑戰(zhàn)性的問(wèn)題,無(wú)融合生殖被認(rèn)為具有避免有性生殖過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生不利基因組負(fù)擔(dān)的短期進(jìn)化優(yōu)勢(shì),能夠避免不利基因的組合以及有利基因型的分離。無(wú)融合生殖在柑橘不同屬間均有發(fā)生,其進(jìn)化機(jī)制一直還不明確;同一個(gè)屬內(nèi)的不同種間也存在不同的生殖模式,其性狀的傳播路線也不清晰;并且雜交起源的現(xiàn)代栽培柑橘均具有無(wú)融合生殖的特性,阻礙了柑橘的遺傳改良。近二十年來(lái),基因組測(cè)序技術(shù)的進(jìn)步和群體遺傳學(xué)的發(fā)展為解析作物進(jìn)化提供了新的工具和思路。
鄧秀新院士團(tuán)隊(duì)利用短童期山金柑為材料進(jìn)行了高質(zhì)量染色體級(jí)別基因組的組裝和遺傳群體構(gòu)建,實(shí)現(xiàn)了金柑屬無(wú)融合生殖關(guān)鍵基因的定位。結(jié)合柑橘不同屬材料的全基因組重測(cè)序數(shù)據(jù),進(jìn)一步解析了金柑屬和柑橘屬無(wú)融合生殖表型的平行進(jìn)化機(jī)制。該研究發(fā)現(xiàn),雜交起源的柑橘群體能夠通過(guò)無(wú)融合生殖來(lái)保持雜交優(yōu)勢(shì),并導(dǎo)致無(wú)融合生殖的關(guān)鍵MITE插入以雜合子形式存在,首次提出了無(wú)融合生殖在柑橘分化和馴化過(guò)程中的重要作用。
華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)博士生王楠為該論文第一作者,鄧秀新院士為該論文通訊作者。中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院深圳農(nóng)業(yè)基因組研究所周永鋒教授、昆士蘭大學(xué)Anna M.G. Koltunow教授和加州大學(xué)爾灣分校Brandon S. Gaut教授參與了論文的具體指導(dǎo)。中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院深圳農(nóng)業(yè)基因組研究所黃三文教授和加州大學(xué)河濱分校Danelle Seymour博士在課題實(shí)施過(guò)程中的提供了重要意見(jiàn)和建議。該研究得到了國(guó)家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃、國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金等項(xiàng)目的資助。
【英文摘要】
Apomixis, or asexual seed formation is prevalent in the Citrinae via a mechanism termed nucellar or adventitious embryony. Here, multiple embryos of a maternal genotype form directly from nucellar cells in the ovule and can outcompete the developing zygotic embryo as they utilize the sexually derived endosperm for growth. Whilst nucellar embryony enables the propagation of clonal plants of maternal genetic constitution, it is also a barrier to effective breeding through hybridization. To address the genetics and evolution of apomixis in the Citrinae, a chromosome-level genome of Hongkong kumquat (Fortunella hindsii) was assembled following a genome-wide variation map including structural variants (SVs) based on 234 Citrinae accessions. This map revealed that hybrid citrus cultivars shelter genome-wide deleterious mutations and SVs into heterozygous states free from recessive selection, which may explain the capability of nucellar embryony in most cultivars during Citrinae diversification. Analyses revealed that parallel evolution may explain the repeated origin of apomixis in different genera of Citrinae. Within Fortunella, we found that apomixis of some varieties originated via introgression. In apomictic Fortunella, the locus associated with apomixis contains the FhRWP gene, encoding an RWP-RK domain-containing protein previously shown to be required for nucellar embryogenesis in Citrus. We found the heterozygous SV in the FhRWP and CitRWP promoters from apomictic Citrus or Fortunella due to either two or three Miniature inverted transposon element (MITE) insertions. A transcription factor FhARID, encoding an AT-rich interaction domain-containing protein binds to the MITEs in the promoter of apomictic varieties which facilitates induction of nucellar embryogenesis. This study provides evolutionary genomic and molecular insights into apomixis in Citrinae and has potential ramifications for citrus breeding.
原文連接:https://academic.oup.com/nsr/advance-article/doi/10.1093/nsr/nwac114/6608370